...... Parthenogenesis or "virgin birth" is the asexual reproductive process by which a female's egg undergoes embryonic development without the fertilizing union of a male's sperm. Although most higher animals reproduce by copulation, various lower animal forms can reproduce in a parthenogenetic manner without copulation. Aphids (plant lice), some ticks, water fleas, ants, wasps, bees and certain lizards and snakes can all develop without male fertilization.
......Ordinarily interspecific crosses between species are relatively rare in nature and when they do occur, hybrid offspring are often sterile due to the disproportionate scrambling of chromosomal material. Although interspecific and intergeneric crosses sometimes occur with fishes, certain controlled crosses have produced unexpected results. When a female live-bearing tropical molly (Mollienisia formosa) is injected with sperm from the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), the resulting offspring are all female Mollienisia, with no trace of Gambusia characteristics! When these same females are bathed in a dilute solution of testosterone (a male hormone), they develop the colors and gonopodium of male Mollienisia! (Transsexualism of female to male occurs with other fishes in nature when there is an unavailability of males.) Apparently no genetic material of Gambusia was transmitted in the pairing, only Mollienisia! (This is an unusual case of gynogenesis or parthenogenetic development stimulated by sperm which for some reason took no part in the genetics of the progeny.) Subsequent generation matings with these resultant offspring produced only females again.
......Since the Japanese have succeeded in traying the eggs and gynogenetically propagating rare carp, it should be possible to breed egg-laying tropicals without their natural fathers! Jungle natives often catch large egg-laden females of unusual species in their nets that have never been found as youngsters in the wild. Conceivably the eggs of such females (before they're eaten) could be trayed and stimulated into a simulated fertilization for initiation of mitosis with the milt of other species; then raised to maturity like salmon and trout are in the U.S. The availability of these unusual species could provide new tropical fish markets that otherwise do not currently exist.
........The above subject is just one of the many creative alternatives you can read about in the new manual, Creative Alternatives For A Changing World offered by: Creative Alternatives, P.O. Box 291, Capon Bridge, WV 26711 - USA
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